Electric Conductivity Converter
Convert electrical conductivity units — S/m, mS/cm, μS/cm, and more. Free online conductivity converter for water quality testing, material science, and electrochemistry.
Understanding Electric Conductivity
Electric conductivity measures how well a material conducts electric current. You express conductivity in siemens per meter (S/m). Conductivity is the reciprocal of resistivity.
High conductivity indicates good current flow. Metals show conductivity in megasiemens per meter. Insulators show microsiemens per meter or lower.
Conductivity Formulas
σ = 1 / ρ
Definition: Conductivity equals one divided by resistivity. Siemens per meter and ohm-meters are reciprocal.
σ = L / (R × A)
Measurement formula: Conductivity equals length divided by resistance times area.
G = σ × A / L
Conductance relationship: Conductance equals conductivity times area divided by length.
Example: Copper with resistivity 1.68 × 10⁻⁸ Ω·m has conductivity σ = 1 / 1.68 × 10⁻⁸ = 59.5 × 10⁶ S/m or 59.5 MS/m.
Common Conductivity Conversions
| S/m | mS/cm | μS/cm |
|---|---|---|
| 0.0001 | 0.001 | 1 |
| 0.001 | 0.01 | 10 |
| 0.01 | 0.1 | 100 |
| 0.1 | 1 | 1,000 |
| 1 | 10 | 10,000 |
| 100 | 1,000 | 1,000,000 |
Material Conductivity Reference
| Material | Conductivity (MS/m) | IACS Percent |
|---|---|---|
| Silver | 63.0 | 105 |
| Copper (annealed) | 58.0 | 100 |
| Gold | 45.2 | 78 |
| Aluminum | 37.8 | 65 |
| Iron | 10.0 | 17 |
| Seawater | 5 | - |
| Drinking Water | 0.005-0.05 | - |
| Pure Water | 0.000055 | - |
Water Quality Standards
Ultrapure Water
Semiconductor manufacturing requires 0.055 μS/cm conductivity. This represents 18.2 MΩ·cm resistivity. Only H⁺ and OH⁻ ions remain present.
Drinking Water
EPA recommends conductivity below 1,500 μS/cm. Typical municipal water ranges 50-1,500 μS/cm. High conductivity indicates dissolved mineral content.
Wastewater
Industrial discharge limits vary by jurisdiction. Values above 5,000 μS/cm may require treatment. Conductivity monitoring ensures compliance.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is IACS?
IACS stands for International Annealed Copper Standard. It expresses conductivity as a percentage of annealed copper. 100 percent IACS equals 58 MS/m.
How does temperature affect conductivity?
Metal conductivity decreases with temperature. Water conductivity increases about 2 percent per degree Celsius. Meters apply automatic temperature compensation.
What is the cell constant?
Conductivity probes have a cell constant in cm⁻¹. It relates measured conductance to conductivity. Common values are 0.1, 1.0, and 10 cm⁻¹.
Why measure water conductivity?
Conductivity indicates total dissolved solids. It provides rapid water quality assessment. Changes signal contamination or treatment issues.
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